замкнутая система уровней
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[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии. academic.ru. 2015.
Closed-loop pole — Closed loop poles are the positions of the poles (or eigenvalues) of a closed loop transfer function in the s plane. The open loop transfer function is equal to the product of all transfer function blocks in the forward path in the block diagram … Wikipedia
Closed-form expression — Closed formula redirects here. For closed formula in the sense of a logic formula with no free variables, see Sentence (mathematical logic). In mathematics, an expression is said to be a closed form expression if it can be expressed analytically… … Wikipedia
Closed system — The term closed system has different meanings in different contexts. In physics Main article: Thermodynamic system In thermodynamics, a closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work), but not matter, with its surroundings. In contrast, an… … Wikipedia
Closed timelike curve — In mathematical physics, a closed timelike curve (CTC) is a worldline in a Lorentzian manifold, of a material particle in spacetime that is closed, returning to its starting point. This possibility was first raised by Kurt Gödel in 1949, who… … Wikipedia
Open quantum system — In physics, an open quantum system is a quantum system which is found to be in interaction with an external quantum system, the environment. The open quantum system can be viewed as a distinguished part of a larger closed quantum system, the… … Wikipedia
Thermodynamic system — A thermodynamic system is a precisely defined macroscopic region of the universe, often called a physical system, that is studied using the principles of thermodynamics. All space in the universe outside the thermodynamic system is known as the… … Wikipedia
Continuity equation — A continuity equation in physics is a differential equation that describes the transport of a conserved quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other natural quantities are conserved under their respective appropriate… … Wikipedia
Differential equation — Not to be confused with Difference equation. Visualization of heat transfer in a pump casing, created by solving the heat equation. Heat is being generated internally in the casing and being cooled at the boundary, providing a steady state… … Wikipedia
Ordinary differential equation — In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (or ODE) is a relation that contains functions of only one independent variable, and one or more of their derivatives with respect to that variable. A simple example is Newton s second law of… … Wikipedia
Nonlinear system — Not to be confused with Non linear editing system. This article describes the use of the term nonlinearity in mathematics. For other meanings, see nonlinearity (disambiguation). In mathematics, a nonlinear system is one that does not satisfy the… … Wikipedia
Partial differential equation — A visualisation of a solution to the heat equation on a two dimensional plane In mathematics, partial differential equations (PDE) are a type of differential equation, i.e., a relation involving an unknown function (or functions) of several… … Wikipedia
